Pests often target specific tree species and, if they become established, they usually remain as permanent components of the ecosystem.

害虫通常以特定的树种为目标，一旦形成，它们通常会成为生态系统的永久组成部分。

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In America and Australia, for example, markets have been established to help companies countervail the ecosystem destruction they cause, especially to wetlands.

比如在美国和澳大利亚，一个帮助公司弥补他们对生态系统破坏——特别是指湿地——的市场已建立。

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That's because the ecosystem already established in your gut determines how it absorbs and processes nutrients.

那是因为你的肠道里已经确立了生态系统，决定了它会如何吸收和处理营养物质。

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Samsung established its mobile application ecosystem through the launch of Samsung Mobile Innovator in 2008 and the Samsung Application Seller Site followed by Samsung Application Store as another key element of this offering.

ENGADGET: Samsung Wave: 3.3-inch Super AMOLED, Bluetooth 3.0, and new Bada OS (updated)

"To continue driving adoption and growth of mobile payments in Canada, it is essential that a strong ecosystem is established to include multiple devices, operating systems and payment networks, " said Jeppe Dorff, Vice-President of Transaction Services, Rogers.

ENGADGET: Rogers clears Suretap NFC payments on some Android and BlackBerry 10 devices

Which is a time when Amazon will have a micro-currency established across the Android ecosystem, when developers have an attractive alternative that provides them a solid income stream, when users are encouraged to spend their money and reward the developers.

FORBES: Amazon Coins Will Be A Welcome Disruption To Android Developers