Error multiplication caused by channel noise in eletric transmission system can be demmonstrated by signal to noise ratio between error rate function curve.

误码率与归一化信噪化的函数曲线、可以表征在介质传输系统中，线路噪声所引起的误码增值。

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The ultimate computation error is zero, thus solves the problem of inaccurate multiplication computation with common computers when the integer is above seven-digit.

运算结果的误差为零，解决了一般微机中不能准确计算七位以上整数的乘法问题，该方法为各种需要计算出准确数据的设计提供了方便。

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The paper presents a new type of loop, which USES first-order or second-order steady-state zero-error systems for locking, frequency multiplication and tracking.

本文介绍了一种用一阶或二阶无静差系统来锁定、倍频和跟踪的新型环路。

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