The study of viruses and bacteria has significantly contributed to the understanding of the processes going on at the ER membrane, which is illustrated in several chapters of the volume.
病毒和细菌的研究已经相当有助于理解在ER 膜进行的过程， 被在卷的几章说明。
Ribosomes are often attached to the outside membrane and it is sometimes continuous with the rough ER.
核糖体经常附着在外核膜上，有时与粗面内质网膜连续。
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