electron envelope 电子壳层
In one-dimension simulation, the approach taken is a hybrid model where the ions are treated as distinct particles in one-dimension while the electron beam is treated using the beam envelope equation.
在一维模拟中，采用混合模型研究离子噪声，用包络方程描述电子束的，用离散的宏粒子模型描述离子。
The results show that the quantum path through which the electron gains kinetic energy deviates the dominant quantum path. In addition, the deviation is effected of the carrier-envelope phase.
结果显示，超短脉冲谐波辐射过程中电子获得动能的量子路径偏离主要量子路径，而且该偏离效应受载波包络相位的影响。
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