What he means, for instance, in this case is well, talking to yourself is self-reinforcing or giving bad news to an enemy is reinforcing because it makes your enemy feel bad.

比如在这个例子中，他的意思其实是，自言自语是种自我强化行为，而向敌人散布坏消息也是一种强化，因为这样做可以使敌人感到不快。

youdao

The bad news is that in the hands of the inexperienced person, it can be a hairy beast and damage your work before you knew what hit you.

坏消息是，在没有经验的人手中，它可以是一个毛茸茸的野兽，损害你的工作之前，你知道什么打你。

youdao

The bad news is that it might not really be what you want.

做得不好的人可能会不真正确定自己想要什么。

youdao

So that's what his tendency is, but if he does that, it's very bad news for his city.

所以他就会倾向于逃跑,但如果他逃跑了,那这对他的城邦来说可是个坏消息

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

What matters is that if news is sufficiently good or bad to catapult a company onto a magazine cover, then it is already reflected in the share price.

ECONOMIST: Buttonwood