This traditional international order came into fierce col l ision with the modern international system when Western powers determined to make China open its door to them, with great losses for China.

随着西方列强决意打开中国的大门，东亚传统的国际秩序与近代国际体系发生了激烈的碰撞。

youdao

The Western powers have plundered a great amount of Chinese cultural relics including many precious items robbed from the Old Summer Palace.

马还说：“西方列强抢夺了大量的中国文物，其中包括旧颐和园的一些珍贵的物品”。

youdao

But centuries ago, the great powers were almost always at war, and until quite recently, Western European countries tended to initiate two or three new wars every year.

WSJ: Steven Pinker: Why Violence Is Vanishing