Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects.

通过使用抽象和逻辑推理，数学从计数，计算，测量和系统的研究自然对象的形状和运动演进而来。

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Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence.

核心的任务就是两个：对逻辑主线进行攻击，对论据进行攻击。

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The main research methods include use of literature research, content analysis, logical reasoning and system modeling.

主要采用了文献研究、内容分析、逻辑推理、归纳演绎和系统建模等研究方法。

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However, your thought process is fundamentally flawed in its use of backwards, inductive reasoning, a form of logical progression that has been criticized since the Roman Empire.

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