Extracts from the willow tree have been used for pain relief in folk medicine since the time of the ancient Greeks.

从古希腊开始，在民间医药中，人们就用柳树的萃取物缓解疼痛。

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The effect of pain relief, duration of pain relief, complications (nausea, vomiting and urine retention), and the recovery time of gastrointestinal function were evaluated between the two groups.

观察两组镇痛效果、维持时间、并发症(恶心、呕吐及尿潴留)及胃肠功能恢复时间。

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The VAS score and relief time of joint pain, symptoms score and efficacy, and side effects were observed.

观察两组关节疼痛VAS评分和缓解时间，中医证候积分和疗效，药物不良反应。

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But now medical device makers are introducing an array of new, minimally invasive procedures to provide long-term pain relief without all the costs, risks, complications and recovery time of full-scale surgery.

FORBES: The Big Hurt

He told the hearing there was nothing in Mrs Richards' notes to show why the amount of pain relief had effectively been doubled on 18 August 1998 - at a time when she was already asleep or possibly unconscious.

BBC: Gladys Richards