However, Catford's theory has some deficiencies. The shift model he proposes only takes effect on and below the level of sentence, and does not take textual and pragmatic factors into account.
但卡特·福德的翻译转换理论也存在缺陷，即他提出的转换模式只是在句子层级及以下发生，未考虑到超出句子的段落、语篇层次。
With the paradigm shift from client server model to the cloud computing model, IT workers will need new sets of skills.
从客户/服务器模式转移到云计算，带来了IT专业技能上的变化。IT工作人员需要学习新的技能。
The introduction of the J2EE programming model marked a dramatic shift in the manner in which applications are developed and delivered.
J2EE 编程模型的引入标志着开发和交付应用程序的方式发生了重大的改变。
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