The impairment of learning and memory of lead exposed rats was evaluated by examining the passive avoidance response and conditioned avoidance response.

本实验采用明暗箱被动回避反应和穿梭箱条件性回避反应测定，探讨了铅对大鼠学习与记忆的损害作用。

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Results The times of active avoidance reaction, passive avoidance reaction and spatial exploration ability of AD rats in smoking group significantly decreased(P<0.01) compared with nonsmoking group.

结果 吸烟组主动回避能力和被动回避能力及空间探索能力较不吸烟组明显下降（P<0.01）；

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Several behaviour models such as active avoidance reaction (AAR), once passive avoidance reaction (OPAR), spatial discrimination memory (SDM), were used to research the process of learning and memory.

采用主动回避反应(aar)，一次性被动回避反应(OPAR)，空间分辨记忆(SDM) 3种模式对学习记忆过程进行系统研究。

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This resistance can range from fairly subtle, such as avoidance or passive aggressive behavior, all the way to outright defiance, hostility, and sabotage.

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