By analyzing the relationship between speed loss, speed discount in different gradient and grade length, the paper also brings forward the maximum longitudinal gradient and grade length limit.

通过速度折减量与坡长之间的关系曲线，提出基于运行速度差和满足公路服务水平要求的各级公路最大纵坡坡度与坡长限制值。

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Secondly, the algorithm is put forward to solve the optimal price discount.

然后提出了求解最优价格折扣的算法；

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The forward rate of a currency is at a "premium" or at a "discount" in terms of another.

一种货币在兑换另一种货币时，远期汇率有升水或贴水情况。

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In particular, I mentioned that the absolute valuation of emerging markets versus its own history looked cheap and the discount on forward earnings valuations had widened out between the developed world and the emerging world, and that both of those provided a really powerful valuation argument.

FORBES: Time To Get Pickier With Emerging Market Stocks

So pessimistic are traders about that currency that the forward is priced at a 9% discount to the spot rate.

FORBES: Short the West

The forward earnings multiple of 15x is nearly at an equal discount to the 20x industry average.

FORBES: Move up http://i.forbesimg.com t Move down