因恪守合同相对性原则（the Doctrine of Privity），英国没有承认第三人可以强制执行为 其利益而订立的合同的一般法律规则，第三人无直接请求权。
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As a typical commercial activity, carriage of goods by sea without doubt has to face the problems caused by the doctrine of privity of contract.
这在商事领域表现地尤为明显,海上货物运输作为一种典型的商事活动自然免不了合同相对性原则所带来的困扰。
参考来源 - 论合同相对性原则在海上货运合同中的突破·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
As a typical commercial activity, carriage of goods by sea without doubt has to face the problems caused by the doctrine of privity of contract.
这在商事领域表现地尤为明显，海上货物运输作为一种典型的商事活动自然免不了合同相对性原则所带来的困扰。
After the argumentation of jurisprudence authority of the doctrine of privity of contract, the text gives the wide coverage to probes into the exception to privity of contract.
本文在对合同相对性理论的法理依据进行论证之后，用相对当的篇幅探讨了合同相对性的例外现象。
"Doctrine of privity of contract" has been the unshakable credendum of the classical contract law and has been treated as the corner stone of contract rule and system.
历史上，合同相对性原则曾经作为古典契约法的一个不可动摇的信条，被称为是合同法体系构建的第一块基石。
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