The application concept applies both to program structure (processes) and directory structure (modules).

应用概念既适用于程序结构(进程)，也适用于目录结构(模块)。

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But the word "gamification" and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says.

但 Werbach 说，“游戏化”这个词和这个概念的广泛、有意识的应用是在大约五年前才真正开始的。

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The word "gamification" and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says.

韦巴赫说，“游戏化”这个词以及对其广泛、有意识的应用直到五年前才真正开始。

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To give one an idea of exactly how bizarre the application of a seemingly simple concept like sustainability has become, consider the proposed Oregon Sustainability Center in Portland.

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"It was the application of an old concept to a new area, " says Narayanan.

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This is basically the Open Source concept, where sites like IdeaScale facilitate the outsourcing of application development to the Internet community in the form of an open call.

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