These change characteristics were related mainly to the topography, land use, surface run-off and drainage characteristics of the controlled areas.

这种变化特征主要与控制小区地形、土地利用、地表径流和水系特征有关。

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One is an immediate effect as surface run-off takes roughly 50% of the free nitrate straight into Thames tributaries and the main river.

BBC: Thames archive reveals long nitrate rise

Building what could be "an awful lot" of new properties in Feniton would, she said, add to the surface run-off into drains that were already struggling to cope.

BBC: Feniton flooding, November 2008