They return regularly to the surface (when the data is sent via polar-orbiting satellites) and are untroubled by surface ice.

它们会定期返回到水面——这时数据将通过极地轨道卫星发送出去——并且不会受到表面冰层的困扰。

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The answer, the scientists suspect: when Eris comes closer to the sun in its highly elongated orbit, surface ice warms up to form a temporary atmosphere.

科学家们怀疑，它的答案是：在厄里斯在它极为扁长的轨道运行接近太阳时，表面冰变暖而形成了暂时的大气。

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The culprit, according to a new study, is the Arctic's receding surface ice, which at current rates of decline could disappear entirely during summer months by century's end.

据最新研究表示，造成这种后果的罪魁祸首是北极圈上正在不断消失的冰层，若继续按照这种速度融化消失，在这个世纪末的夏季，冰层将完全消失不见。

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Ice crystals form on the leaf surface.

VOA: special.2010.01.12

Sequential optical images of high spatial resolution were used for the first time to derive surface ice velocities of Glaciar Upsala, a fast-moving fresh-water calving glacier in southern Patagonia.

UNESCO: Dublin Core

The torpedo-shaped instrument gathers data about the difference between the level of the seawater beneath the ice and the surface of the ice itself.

BBC: Arctic ice melting at 'amazing' speed, scientists find

The oil is so thick on the surface that ice from nearby Columbia glacier turned black.

NPR: Supreme Court Considers 'Valdez' Fine