... the direction of reaction 反映标的目的 spontaneous processes 自觉历程 system and surroundings 体系与情况 ...
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And yet, these things are all spontaneous processes.
然而，这些过程都是自发进行的。
The systems considered above are what biochemists call "exergonic", they are fully spontaneous processes.
上述系统是生物化学家所说的“放能”系统，它们是完全自发的过程。
This must be brought into the picture, along with the performance of thermodynamic work cycles that link spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes like an engine.
这一点必须与热力学功循环的表现一起考虑，热力学连系到自发过程和像发动机那样的非自发过程。
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