To implement topographic map digitalization by means of MAPGIS is one of main means of getting spatial geographic information data, and that digitalization could bring out diversified sorts of errors.

利用MAPGIS实现地形图数字化是获取空间地理信息数据的主要手段之一，而图形数字化过程中会产生各种类型的误差。

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Basically, geographic data turns into geographic information after spatial processing software formats, processes, and displays the data.

一般情况下，在空间处理软件对地理数据进行格式化、处理和显示后，这些数据就转换为地理信息。

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Using the climatic data recorded by the 90 weather stations in Guangxi in 30 years and geographic information of the stations, spatial analyzing models of division index are built.

利用广西90个气象台站30年的气候资料和台站地理信息，建立了区划指标的空间分析模型。

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This side event will launch an initiative to establish a common spatial data framework for vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning, linking a wide range of relevant data using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

UNESCO: Basic Sciences