The paper makes in-depthanalysisaboutessenceofcallby valuesand call byreferences, returnby value and return by reference, alsoexplains thesethrough some examples.
As net interest return is dependent on the investments undertaken by the firm, the value of this return is highly dependent on the efforts of the research arm.
Instead of focusing on aggregate demand replacement, policymakers should view government stimulus spending from an economic return perspective that focuses on the potential value created by government spending versus the potential value created by private spending.