If the synchronization actually requires contending for the lock, the performance penalty is substantially greater, as there will be several thread switches and system calls required.

如果同步时还发生锁定争用，那么性能上付出的代价会大得多，因为会需要几个线程切换和系统调用。

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Normally, the file system operates very quickly, but when garbage collection is required, performance slows down.

一般情况下，这种文件系统非常快，但是一旦需要进行垃圾收集，性能就会慢下来。

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More advanced caching techniques are required to improve page performance and reduce system utilization.

需要使用更为先进的缓存技术以提高页面性能和降低系统使用率。

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