This reprogramming of the genes in the brain helps nerve cells to grow and develop larger networks.

这种基因的“重新编程”帮助细胞生长并组成更发达的神经网络。

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His team is also evaluating methods of reprogramming skin cells that might dispense with viruses, to eliminate any potential risks viruses might pose to human recipients.

他的团队也在评估皮肤细胞重新编程，以消除任何潜在病毒的风险，尽可能免除病毒的可能会对接受移植病人造成潜在的风险。

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A direct reprogramming method switches skin cells to heart cells.

一个直接重编的方式把皮肤细胞转变为心脏细胞。

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Sheng Ding, of the Scripps Research Institute, is working on identifying which genes are involved in reprogramming cells and what medicines might turn on those genes.

FORBES: Magazine Article

Then came a breakthrough in 2007, when Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University succeeded in reprogramming adult skin cells back to their embryonic state simply by dousing them in a concoction of four genetic factors and some growth media.

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The genetic approach to reprogramming, pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka who won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine for his work, allows human cells to be transformed back into an embryonic-like, pluripotent state.

FORBES: Scientist Shows How Small Molecules Generate Better Stem Cells