This is the necessary premise in researching the phenomenon that although it was banned by the officials, private copper cash minting was not stopped for a long period.

这是研究这一时期官方屡禁不止的铜钱私铸、剪凿现象的一个必要前提。

youdao

But history shows that minting developed not as a private-sector attempt to minimise the costs of trading, but as a government operation.

ECONOMIST: Free exchange