长期以来占据主导地位的观点认为,产业集群存在正的外部性(positive externalities)。这一观点源自Marshall(1920)对聚集经济性(agglomeration economies)的讨论。
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[26]收益的外部化也就是正外部效应(Positive Externalities),某种产品的生产或者消耗会使生产者或者消耗者以外的社会成员遭受损失,而他们却无法为此得到补偿,这就是成本的外部化,或称负的...
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Regional Positive Externalities 区域正外部性
Examples of Positive Externalities 正外部性例子
positive externalities and inefficiency 正的外在性和无效率
Positive Externalities and Free Riders 正外部性和搭便车
This also an example of positive externalities.
这也是正外部性的一个例子。
So the later two kinds of direct outputs and the indirect profits are the positive externalities of metro projects.
直接产出中的后两类和间接产出都属于地铁项目的正外部性。
As economic rationale for this special treatment, policymakers often cite positive externalities generated by FDI through productivity spillovers to domestic firms.
对于给予外企这些特殊待遇的经济解释,政策制定者们常常引证说明,FDI对国内企业的生产效率外溢,可以产生正的外部效应。
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