The Dvoinoye project is expected to deliver its first ore to the Kupol mill in the second half of 2013.

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The model begins with an input-output table, which says that, for example, the steel mill industry uses the output of the iron ore industry, the electric utility industry, as well as labor and some lesser inputs.

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An even lower-cost group of domestic producers are the mini-mill operators, such as Nucor, which make steel from scrap metal instead of iron ore.

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