The analysis is based on the geometrical optics, and simulated by ray tracing with optical design software ZEMAX.
利用几何光学方法进行了分析，采用ZEMAX光学设计软件实现光线追迹进行模拟。
Optical metallographic microscope, micro-hardness tester, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to explore the process of intermediate temperature tempering transformation.
利用光学金相显微镜、显微硬度计、电子探针及X射线衍射分析仪初步探索其中温回火转变过程。
The effect of electric field on the recrystallization and recrystallization texture development in cold-rolled copper was studied by X-ray diffraction (ODF analysis) combined with optical microscopy.
利用X射线衍射技术并结合金相组织观察和显微硬度实验，研究了冷轧工业纯钢在电场作用下的再结晶及织构演变规律。
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