Sometimes the government has stepped in to remove these restraints, which is what happened when AT&T was broken up by fiat in 1984 and forced to sell its local carriers. But it is more common, Mr Wu claims, for the state to side with information behemoths rather than promote competition. For instance, in the 1950s and 1960s the American government did everything it could to stymie the rise of cable television, which threatened the duopoly of NBC and CBS.

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