Minstrel shows included music, dance and comedy.

滑稽说唱团演出有音乐、舞蹈和喜剧。

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France and Australia may not have the United States' particular history of minstrel shows... but something about the act of portraying a white woman as black ought to sound an alarm, somewhere.

法国和澳大利亚也许没有美国那段流浪艺人涂黑脸表演的特殊历史…但这种把一名白人女子涂成黑色的行为，应该给某些人敲响警钟。

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It is unknown who created and distributed the image, which some believe has racial overtones because it shows Mr Obama as a black-and-white minstrel in reverse.

目前还不知道是谁制造并散布这些海报，有人相信是种族主义的暗示，因为这些海报表明奥巴马是个游吟与黑白之间的人。

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Although there is no history of minstrel shows in Germany, Mr Schendel says "blackface is part of a theatre tradition" in Germany.

BBC: Germany's Schlosspark Theatre defends 'blackface' actor

Meanwhile, in New Orleans theatres, the stages were overtaken by racist minstrel shows, in which white performers sang and danced in blackface to upbeat tunes.

BBC: The birthplace of jazz

Whatever its reputation, burlesque was no more than the latest version of a popular entertainment that had its origin in the 19th century in touring minstrel shows and which had expanded into permanent variety theatres to cater for the massive growth in America's population.

ECONOMIST: Joey Faye | The