Due to strong confinement effects of electrons and holes, QDs exhibit novel physical properties leading to important applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics.

量子点中电子和空穴强的量子限制作用使其表现出一些新颖的物理性能，从而在微电子和光电子器件方面有着重要的应用价值。

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Heterojunction has been widely used in communications, microelectronics and optoelectronics and other fields for its excellent electronic transport properties and optical properties.

异质结因其优异的电子输运特性和光电性能而被广泛地应用在通信、微电子及光电子等领域。

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Direct wafer bonding is a new process of material integrating and has received tremendous attention in the research of optoelectronics and microelectronics field.

摘要晶片直接键合技术是材料集成的一项新工艺，是近年来集成光电子领域的研究热点之一。

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If this (topdown) manufacturing process is to be based on the most modern forms of deposition (including epitaxy), e-beam or ultra-deep UV lithography and precision etching, the mainstay of microelectronics and optoelectronics fabrication, then there are strict limits described below for which one-off fabrication is possible, but manufacture is not.

FORBES: Are There Physical Limits to Nanotechnology?