To solve these problems, it helps to have two instruments to hand: a carbon tax to discourage pollution directly, and subsidies or other incentives to encourage innovation around the cleaner input.

有两种措施可以帮助克服这些难题：征收碳排放税直接减少污染，通过补助金或者其他激励措施鼓励开发利用环保型原材料的新工艺。

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To solve these problems, it helps to have two instruments to hand: a carbon tax to discourage pollution directly, and subsidies or other incentives to encourage innovation around the cleaner input.

ECONOMIST: Economics focus

That helps discourage people from chucking stuff out, and provides a revenue stream to dispose of it when they do.

ECONOMIST: The waste industry