But the strength of the cartridge case after ironing drawing cannot be accurately calculated by this formula, because the result of calculation is lower than that reached in practice.

用常规的幂强化公式计算药筒在引伸后的强度时，数值偏低较多，原因是该公式未考虑引伸凹模锥角对强化的影响。

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This paper simulates the deformation process of ironing deep drawing by means of the upper bound element method.

利用上限元法对变薄拉深过程进行了数值模拟。

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