However, owing to some limitations on optical buffer, light splitter, and wavelength converter, optical multicast at optical layer offers different characteristics from those at IP layer.

然而，光层组播由于光缓存、光分束和光波长变换等光器件的限制，呈现出和IP层组播不同的特点。

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For the difficulty of deploying IP multicast services in the Internet, Application Layer multicast has been studied as an alternative approach.

由于IP多播难以在因特网环境中配置，应用层多播作为IP多播的一种替代方案得到越来越多的研究。

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Streaming media over the Internet is booming nowadays. IP multicast and application layer multicast has become the study hotspots.

近年来，因特网上的流媒体应用得到了迅猛发展，IP组播和应用层组播成为网路中的研究热点。

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