Objective: the carcinogenesis is related to not only environmental exposure but also individual genetic diathesis such as the polymorphisms of genes.

目的：结直肠肿瘤的发病除了受到环境暴露的影响外，还与个体的遗传因素如基因多态性有很大的相关性。

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Bladder cancer is considered a multifactorial disease where multiple exposures interact with the individual genetic background resulting in risk modulation.

目前研究普遍认为膀胱癌是受环境暴露、个体遗传背景及基因环境交互作用影响的多因素疾病。

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Others, like George Church of Harvard University, fall somewhere in the middle, synthesizing individual genetic components using oligonucleotide chips, then piecing them together.

其他一些人，比如哈佛大学的George Church，采取比较中间的位置，运用寡核苷酸芯片来合成个体基因成分，然后把它们拼在一起。

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Mark Bedau of Reed College in Oregon says Mister Venter's work marks an important step over traditional genetic engineering of individual genes.

VOA: special.2010.07.20

Another type of test coming out of the genomic revolution involves looking at individual genetic mutations that are known to be associated with specific medical consequences.

FORBES: Why Personalized Medicine Is Bunk

In the long term, researchers hope that a detailed understanding of the genome's permutations will lead to a new era of customized medicine tailored to individual genetic codes.

FORBES: Technology

The hope was that the two populations would evolve in parallel, with individual genetic changes occurring in roughly the same order in both, and with similar final results.

ECONOMIST: Viral evolution