Short-term effects include the disturbances directly associated with the action of the pest, which may cause the defoliation, loss of vigor, or death of trees.

短期影响包括与害虫活动直接相关的干扰，可能导致树木落叶、失去活力或死亡。

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The types of actions that cause a change to the installation data include.

导致安装数据变化的操作类型包括。

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These include, foremost, the astrological compatibility according to the I 'ching, but also age and cause of death.

这包括，首先，根据《易经》的星象的相符，但也包括年纪和死因。

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The gases released include carbon dioxide, a major cause of global warming.

VOA: special.2010.01.05

The ash clouds include particles of rock, glass and sand that can get into an aircraft's engine and cause it to stall.

VOA: standard.2010.04.17

Sumwalt said the NTSB investigation to determine a likely cause will include routine testing of railroad employees for drugs and alcohol, testing of the track and rail signals and examinationof the video footage from the front of the train.

WSJ: Mo. highway buckles after rail cars hit overpass

Other complaints include that the series of downgrades spreads fear of a domino effect across Europe that could cause a double-dip in EU economies.

FORBES: Rating Agencies: Damned If They Downgrade, Damned If They Don't