The formation of sea ice causes the concentration of salt in surface waters to increase; less sea ice would mean a smaller increase in the concentration of salt.

海冰的形成导致表水中盐的浓度增加；海冰的减少意味着盐浓度的增加幅度较小。

youdao

Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system, has a dirty ice surface cut by fractures and peppered by impact craters.

这颗太阳系中最大的卫星，表面冰盖布满断层的切口和火山灰的粉末。

youdao

Hyperspectral data, scientists have mapped the location of sulfur deposits on the ice surface (red outline).

通过获得的高光谱数据(hyperspectral data)，科学家绘制了冰层表面硫磺沉淀的范围(红色线)。

youdao

They announced preliminary findings in March but now have good data confirming large amounts of the water-ice just beneath the surface south of 60 degrees latitude.

BBC: Ice reservoirs found on Mars

Water-ice covers Charon, while Pluto's surface is predominantly nitrogen frost with traces of methane and carbon monoxide ices.

BBC: Scientists plan Pluto flyby

Satellites have long been used to track ice extent (area), but calculating the thickness of the marine floes requires the overflying spacecraft to gauge the difference between the top of the ice surface and the top of the water - a relatively simple calculation then gives the overall volume.

BBC: Launch success for Esa's Cryosat-2 ice mission