Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere.

另一个重要的推动因素是小冰期的开始，这一气候现象导致北半球气温下降。

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As planes push cloud temperatures past the tipping point at which supercooled water freezes, the aircraft "seed" the clouds with ice particles, the study says.

研究者称，飞机飞行将云温推至临界点以下，为那些过冷的液态水提供了云形成的冰颗粒，使其凝聚冻结。

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So its very smooth very flat ice and you push a sledge on it and then you let go, what happens? The sledge keeps going. How can that be?

冰面很光滑，你推动雪橇，然后放手，接下来会怎样呢，雪橇仍然会继续前进，为什么会这样呢？

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Added to the general atmospheric warming in the region, the researchers also describe an amplification process whereby reduced snow cover on the surrounding tundra and less sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean push up temperatures still further.

BBC: Canadian glaciers face 'big losses'