We present computing systems as a series of layers, starting with low-level hardware and progressing to higher-level software including assemblers and operating systems.

我们把计算机系统划分成一系列的层次，它从底层的硬件和处理开始到高层次软件这包括汇编和操作系统。

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The levels are related and interactive. The principles and concepts on lower levels are starting points for the analysis on higher, more complex level.

各个水平按照从低级到高级、从简单到复杂的顺序排列，水平之间相互联系，较低水平的基本原理和概念是下一较高级、复杂水平的分析起点。

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