From han to Ming Dynasty, land was always private, and there was never a change from communal ownership to private ownership.

在从汉到明的中国历史上，土地都是“私有”，并没有一个从“公有”到“私有”的转变。

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Before the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), seals were generally made for practical uses such as identification. The Empress' Seal of the Han Dynasty.

明代（1368—1644年）以前，印章只是实用品，是人们在交往过程中表明身份的凭信工具。图为汉代的“皇后之玺”。

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The author thinks that game inside the judiciary field, Emperor Wudi of Han dynasty period judiciary display the judgement taking Ming and Qing dynasty judiciary.

笔者认为，经过这两类法官群体在汉武帝时期司法领域里的博弈，汉武帝时期的司法呈现出不同于学界通常以明清司法为视域而得出的判断。

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