At prerequisite of rent capitalization and led by demand and scarcity, in this paper, we put forth an available land valuing model. A basic factor of the model is an index of product Value density.

本文以地租资本化为前提，以需求与稀缺性为导向，提出一简易、可行的地价评估模型，其基本要素是国民产值密度指标。

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The returns from the alternative strategies were tested against the traditional index benchmarks before and after adjusting for the Carhart Four-Factor Model.

FORBES: No Free Lunch from Alternative Indexes

The "capital asset pricing model" identified one factor, beta, or a stock's volatility relative to the index, as pivotal to the stock's returns.

WSJ: Supercharging Your Investment Portfolio