外显记忆测验（explicit 外显记忆测验（explicit memory tests）：自 tests）：自 由回忆和再认等传统的测验记忆的方法。 其特点是这些测验要求被试有意识地努力 去提取信息。
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The concreteness effect, the imagery effect, and the picture superiority effect have been well established in many researches using traditional tasks (explicit memory tests).
这三种效应已为许多研究所证实，但多数研究都是使用传统的记忆任务(外显记忆测验)。
The directed forgetting effect has been well verified in many researches using traditional tasks (explicit memory tests). However, the effect on implicit tests appears to be less clear and discrepant.
定向遗忘的研究大多是采用外显记忆测验的任务展开，运用内隐记忆测验的研究却很少，而且研究的结果差异也非常显著。
The test phase use the restoring tests of graphics, then analysis results points of the restoring tests to study the occurrence and change mechanism of implicit memory and explicit memory.
测验阶段使用图形补笔测验，分析各项计分成绩，考察内隐记忆和外显记忆的发生及其性别差异。
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