The evidence suggests that warblers use their extremely elaborate songs primarily to attract females, clearly confirming the effect of intersexual selection on the evolution of birdsong.

证据表明，莺主要用它们极其精致的歌声吸引雌性，这清楚地证实了雌雄间选择对鸟类鸣叫进化的影响。

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"[one] effect of lower testosterone levels is loss of muscle mass and increases in fat mass," Prof Bribiescas writes in his book How Men Age: What Evolution Reveals About Male Health and Mortality.

“睾酮水平降低的影响之一就是肌肉含量减少、脂肪含量增加，”布比斯·卡斯博士在《男性的衰老之旅：进化所揭示的关于男性健康和死亡的真相》一书中写道。

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The first part reviews the historical evolution of estate duty, and then discusses the effect of levying estate duty from economical and legal point of view.

第一章首先对遗产税的历史沿革进行考察，然后分别从经济和法律的角度，探讨开征遗产税的作用。

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There is, of course, the question of how much this matters, for most mutations have little effect and a rare few, the stuff of evolution, are actually beneficial.

ECONOMIST: Genetic damage and paternal age