To write distributed applications, programmers must learn and use a large variety of lower-level libraries for cross-tier communication, data marshaling, synchronization, and security.

要编写分布式应用，程序员必须学习和使用针对跨层通信、数据编制、同步和安全等领域的底层类库。

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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol is a cryptographic protocol that provides privacy and security for data communication over the network.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)协议是一种加密协议，可为网络上的数据通信提供隐私和安全保障。

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In the field of communication security, the main applications of the hash function are data integrity verification and signature authentication.

哈希算法在信息安全领域主要应用于验证数据完整性和签名认证。

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The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act was passed in December 2001 and also calls on companies providing communication services to retain data to help police investigate serious crimes.

BBC: Privacy fears over EU snooping plans