For locating the critical failure surface, the particle swarm or the harmony method is used, which is an upper bound approach.
而搜索临界滑裂面的过程，采用粒子群法或和声法搜索最危险滑动面。
As the electroplating pure copper layer on copper alloy exceeds a critical thickness, the surface electroplating treatment can improve the copper alloy's resistance against oxidation failure greatly.
当铜合金表面的电镀纯铜层厚度超过一个临界值，表面电镀纯铜处理可以明显改善材料的耐氧化剥离性。
The irreversible inelastic strains will occur as the stresses reach to critical yield surface, even result in the failure of the clay barrier.
如果土体应力超过其屈服应力，则土障将出现不可恢复的塑性应变，甚至导致破坏。
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