Conclusion The principles and methods for observational studies should be followed to reduce information bias, selection bias and confounding bias in statistical analysis of hospital data.

结论在对医院资料进行统计分析时，应遵循观察性研究的原则和方法，以避免可能存在的信息偏倚、选择偏倚和混杂偏倚。

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Methods Possible bias and confounding and their impact on study results in Spatial Epidemiology were analyzed in given examples.

方法结合实例分析空间流行病学中可能存在偏倚与混杂及其对研究结果的可能影响。

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We have to recognize that studies that carefully assess the effects of an exposure on health are extremely difficult to carry out correctly without the errors of bias and confounding and, thus, are of variable reliability and validity.

FORBES: How Activism Distorts The Assessment Of Health Risks

These results remained consistent after adjusting for confounding factors and controlling for other potential sources of bias.

FORBES: Acute Kidney Injury Associated With Dual Antihypertensive Therapy And NSAIDs