Based on the complexity of knowledge base of products, this paper makes typology for inter-organizational knowledge interactions, which helps to discuss the IORs from the knowledge-based view.

本文从产品知识基础的复杂性出发，根据其与组织知识领域的关系以及组织间知识的互补性划分出组织间知识互动方式。

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By restricting knowledge of the system to a single layer, a boundary is placed on the overall system complexity, promoting substrate independence.

通过将系统知识限制在单个层，可以限制整个系统的复杂性，促进了底层的独立性。

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Undervaluing knowledge of the complexity of tribal and social networks proved disastrous when the United States first entered Iraq.

多国联军初次进入伊拉克的经历已经证明，忽视了解当地部落以及社会的复杂网络是会造成灾难性后果的。

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But in a world of rapid change in the marketplace, of an increasing proportion of knowledge work, of increasing technical complexity of the work, and where customers who do not even know themselves what will delight them, stable predictable work environments are largely a thing of the past.

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They included "the complexity of the system, lack of knowledge of entitlement, a perception of being stigmatised by the receipt of benefit and physical or other difficulties in the processes of claiming".

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This model emerged from the ever-increasing complexity of our world and the resulting need for specialists to make sense of specialized knowledge.

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