Hemophilia is caused by a mutation—likely spontaneous in Victoria‘s case—on the X chromosome and can be passed along the maternal line of families.

血友病源于X染色体上的一种突变——很可能是维多利亚女皇自身发生的一种突变，可经由遗传系统传给家族后代。

youdao

Challenge: a mutation on the X chromosome is the most common known cause of autism.

挑战：X染色体上的突变是最常见的自闭症病因。

youdao

Fragile X syndrome, a single genetic mutation on the X chromosome, is the most common source of inherited mental impairment, affecting one in every 4,000 boys and one in every 6,000 girls.

脆性X综合征，一个X染色体上的基因突变，是遗传性智力障碍最常见的来源，每4000名男孩和每6000名女孩中就有一名儿童患有该症。

youdao

"When Darwin first proposed his theory in eighteen fifty-nine, he had no concept of a gene, no concept of a chromosome, no concept of mutation, and certainly no concept of things like DNA and RNA."

VOA: special.2009.12.01

The drug was originally developed as Imatinib using rational drug design after Philadelphia chromosome mutation was discovered.

FORBES: India Court Ruling Against Novartis Is Dark Omen For Big Pharma

The rarer oculocutaneous albinism type 3 is caused by a gene mutation on chromosome 9 and has been primarily identified in black South Africans.

CNN: Albinism

Oculocutaneous albinism type 4, caused by a gene mutation on chromosome 5, is an uncommon form of the disorder generally presenting signs and symptoms similar to those of type 2.

CNN: Albinism