... central planning中央计划p51 central planning mandates中央计划指令 centralised top-down links自上而下的集中关系 ...
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This sort of competition, brutal as it may be, ultimately yields better outcomes than government mandates or central economic planning.
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Here is why: Before floated in the Shanghai and the Hong Kong Exchanges, Chinese banks operated as government departments, within a central planning environment of controlled interest rates and government mandates.
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