Most fish, however, live fairly close to land, which is where they can, if the political determination exists, be assigned to the ownership of people with an interest in both exploiting and preserving them for a very long time, if not eternity. That this is so has been shown by Christopher Costello, an economist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and his colleagues, in a study of over 11,000 fisheries. In the 121 with ownership-share systems, he reported in Science last September, the rates of collapse were significantly lower than in the others. That may not reveal much about the rates of recovery, but with fewer collapses, recoveries would become less necessary. Assigning ownership rights to locals has also proved a successful way of preserving coral reefs.

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