Without the safety approach in a systematical way, the existing safety technologies are only limited to application layer, or operating system layer, or network layer and so on.

无系统防危的观念：现有的防危机制通常只局限在应用级、操作系统级或网络级中的某个层次，且各层防危机制联系非常松散、一致性差。

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The architecture has three layers which include operating system layer, middleware layer and application layer.

该方案采用操作系统层、中间层和应用程序层的三层结构。

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This low power model adopts five-layer architecture, which are hardware platform, driver layer, operating system, power manage mechanism and application program.

本文提出了一种层次化的电源管理结构，分别为硬件层、驱动层、操作系统层、电源管理层和应用层。

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Cloud may be a workable approach, however, if only one of these elements (hardware, operating system, or application layer) are based on custom technology.

FORBES: Cloud Computing: Nine Questions to Ask Before Casting Your Servers Aside