Most injuries to the chest wall with residual deformity do not result in long-term respiratory dysfunction unless they are associated with pulmonary contusion. Indications for operative fixation include flail chest, reduction of pain and disability, a chest wall deformity or defect, symptomatic nonunion, thoracotomy for other indications, and open fractures.
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open tibia and fibula fractures 胫腓骨开放性骨折
Closed fractures needed an mean of 3.8 months for union and open fractures needed 6.9 months for union.
闭合性骨折骨愈合平均需要3.8个月，开放性骨折骨愈合平均要6.9个月。
Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of intramedullary expanding self-locking NaiI (IESN) and External Fixer on open tibial fractures.
目的评估髓内扩张自锁钉(IESN)和外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折的疗效。
Subtalar joint calcaneus fractures are treated with open reduction and anatomical reduction.
所以累积距下关节面的跟骨骨折，需行切开解剖复位。
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