The fundamental challenge of teams working collaboratively on any type of specification, regardless of whether it is a set of documents, a set of models, or a code base. is this: controlling change.

在不考虑规范是一组文档、一组模型、还是一个代码库的情况下，对协作工作在任何类型规范的团队来说，最根本的挑战就是：控制变化。

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As with any radical change to an existing technology, especially a jet engine, a large installed base of expertise together with lots of regulation mean it can be hard for a newcomer to make headway.

因为对于一个已存在技术的根本性的改变，尤其是对飞机引擎来说，大规模基础的专业知识和数量繁多的规章制度使得新来者很难取得进展。

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But da Vinci did not change his mind half way through, he said. On top of the base layers the artist added a glazed shadowing layer to create a three dimensional effect.

他称，但达芬奇没有中途改变主意，之后，他在底层上添加了一层釉料阴影层来制造三维效果。

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So the access that a cell has to certain kinds of genes, or chemical modifications of DNA, not chemical modifications that change the base pairs, that would be a mutation.

因此细胞变化的途径应该是对某些基因,或者DNA进行化学修饰,不是更改碱基对,更改碱基对就是突变了

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OnStar, for its part, acknowledges that it didn't do a great job of communicating these changes to its customer base and seems committed to making a change.

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