1914年，一位名叫卡尔▪维塞尔斯伯格的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文，科学家们从中得知，鸟类在飞行的时候排成 V 字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。

Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in for mation—a V -shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy.

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1914年，一位名叫卡尔▪维塞尔斯伯格的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文，科学家们从中得知，鸟类在飞行的时候排成V字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。

Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy.

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Spencer近期写了一篇关于鸟类物种变化格局的报告，这篇报告的数据是基于佛蒙特州鸟类物种图的。写完这篇报告，Spencer的专业知识也得到了一定的提升。

Spencer's expertise was sharpened recently when he wrote a report on patterns of change among bird species, based on data in a Vermont bird atlas.

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